source: opengl-game/vulkan-utils.cpp@ 9d21aac

#include "vulkan-utils.hpp"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <set>
#include <stdexcept>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h" // TODO: Probably switch to SDL_image

string VulkanUtils::resultString(VkResult result) {
#define STR(r) case VK_ ##r: return #r

   switch (result) {
      STR(NOT_READY);
      STR(TIMEOUT);
      STR(EVENT_SET);
      STR(EVENT_RESET);
      STR(INCOMPLETE);
      STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY);
      STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
      STR(ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
      STR(ERROR_DEVICE_LOST);
      STR(ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED);
      STR(ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT);
      STR(ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT);
      STR(ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT);
      STR(ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER);
      STR(ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS);
      STR(ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      STR(ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR);
      STR(ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR);
      STR(SUBOPTIMAL_KHR);
      STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR);
      STR(ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR);
      STR(ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT);
      STR(ERROR_INVALID_SHADER_NV);
   default:
      return "UNKNOWN_ERROR";
   }

#undef STR
}

bool VulkanUtils::checkValidationLayerSupport(const vector<const char*> &validationLayers) {
   uint32_t layerCount;
   vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

   vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
   vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

   for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
      bool layerFound = false;

      for (const VkLayerProperties& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
         if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
            layerFound = true;
            break;
         }
      }

      if (!layerFound) {
         return false;
      }
   }

   return true;
}

VkResult VulkanUtils::createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
      const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo,
      const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
      VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
   PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance,
      "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");

   if (func != nullptr) {
      return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
   } else {
      return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
   }
}

void VulkanUtils::destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
      VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger,
      const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
   PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance,
      "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");

   if (func != nullptr) {
      func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
   }
}

// TODO: Change this to prefer one queue that supports both graphics and presentation
// Currently, if a queue family that supports only graphics and one that supports only presentation
// occur in the list before a queue family that supports both, they will be selected rather than the
// one that supports both
QueueFamilyIndices VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface) {
   QueueFamilyIndices indices;

   uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

   vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

   int i = 0;
   for (const VkQueueFamilyProperties& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
      if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0) {
         if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
            indices.graphicsFamily = i;
         }

         VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
         vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(physicalDevice, i, surface, &presentSupport);

         if (presentSupport) {
            indices.presentFamily = i;
         }

         if (indices.isComplete()) {
            break;
         }
      }

      i++;
   }

   return indices;
}

bool VulkanUtils::checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   uint32_t extensionCount;
   vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physicalDevice, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

   vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
   vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physicalDevice, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

   set<string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

   for (const VkExtensionProperties& extension : availableExtensions) {
      requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
   }

   return requiredExtensions.empty();
}

VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR VulkanUtils::querySwapChainCapabilities(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      VkSurfaceKHR surface) {
   VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;

   vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physicalDevice, surface, &capabilities);

   return capabilities;
}

vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> VulkanUtils::querySwapChainFormats(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface) {
   uint32_t formatCount;
   vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;

   vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physicalDevice, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

   if (formatCount != 0) {
      formats.resize(formatCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physicalDevice, surface, &formatCount, formats.data());
   }

   return formats;
}

vector<VkPresentModeKHR> VulkanUtils::querySwapChainPresentModes(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      VkSurfaceKHR surface) {
   uint32_t presentModeCount;
   vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;

   vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physicalDevice, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

   if (presentModeCount != 0) {
      presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physicalDevice, surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes.data());
   }

   return presentModes;
}

VkSurfaceFormatKHR VulkanUtils::chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats,
      const vector<VkFormat>& requestedFormats, VkColorSpaceKHR requestedColorSpace) {
   assert(requestedFormats.size() > 0);

   if (availableFormats.size() == 1 && availableFormats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
      return { requestedFormats[0], requestedColorSpace };
   }

   for (const VkFormat& requestedFormat : requestedFormats) {
      for (const VkSurfaceFormatKHR& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
         if (availableFormat.format == requestedFormat && availableFormat.colorSpace == requestedColorSpace) {
            return availableFormat;
         }
      }
   }

   return availableFormats[0];
}

VkPresentModeKHR VulkanUtils::chooseSwapPresentMode(const vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes,
      const vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& requestedPresentModes) {
   assert(requestedPresentModes.size() > 0);

   for (const VkPresentModeKHR& requestedPresentMode : requestedPresentModes) {
      for (const VkPresentModeKHR& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
         if (requestedPresentMode == availablePresentMode) {
            return requestedPresentMode;
         }
      }
   }

   // If none of the requested modes are available, use VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR which is always available
   return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
}

VkExtent2D VulkanUtils::chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities, int width, int height) {
   if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
      return capabilities.currentExtent;
   } else {
      VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
         static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
         static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
      };

      actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
      actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

      return actualExtent;
   }
}

VkImageView VulkanUtils::createImageView(VkDevice device, VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags) {
   VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};
   viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
   viewInfo.image = image;
   viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
   viewInfo.format = format;

   viewInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R;
   viewInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G;
   viewInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B;
   viewInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A;

   viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
   viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
   viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
   viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
   viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

   VkImageView imageView;
   if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create image view!");
   }

   return imageView;
}

VkFormat VulkanUtils::findSupportedFormat(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vector<VkFormat>& candidates,
      VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
   for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
      VkFormatProperties props;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

      if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR &&
            (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
         return format;
      } else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL &&
            (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
         return format;
      }
   }

   throw runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
}

void VulkanUtils::createBuffer(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
      VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
   VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
   bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
   bufferInfo.size = size;
   bufferInfo.usage = usage;
   bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

   if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
   }

   VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
   vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

   VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
   allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
   allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
   allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(physicalDevice, memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

   if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
   }

   vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
}

uint32_t VulkanUtils::findMemoryType(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
   VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
      if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
         return i;
      }
   }

   throw runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
}

void VulkanUtils::createVulkanImageFromFile(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      VkCommandPool commandPool, string filename, VulkanImage& image, VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   // TODO: Since the image loaded here will be used as a texture, display a warning if it has
   // non power-of-two dimensions
   int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;

   stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(filename.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
   VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;

   if (!pixels) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
   }

   VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
   VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

   createBuffer(device, physicalDevice, imageSize,
      VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
      VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
      stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

   void* data;

   vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
   memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
   vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

   stbi_image_free(pixels);

   createImage(device, physicalDevice, texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
      VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, image);

   transitionImageLayout(device, commandPool, image.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, graphicsQueue);
   copyBufferToImage(device, commandPool, stagingBuffer, image.image,
      static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight), graphicsQueue);
   transitionImageLayout(device, commandPool, image.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, graphicsQueue);

   vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
   vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

   image.imageView = createImageView(device, image.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
}

void VulkanUtils::createVulkanImageFromSDLTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      SDL_Texture* texture, VulkanImage& image) {
   int a, w, h;

   // I only need this here for the width and height, which are constants, so just use those instead
   SDL_QueryTexture(texture, nullptr, &a, &w, &h);

   createImage(device, physicalDevice, w, h, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
      VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, image);

   image.imageView = createImageView(device, image.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
}

void VulkanUtils::populateVulkanImageFromSDLTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      VkCommandPool commandPool, SDL_Texture* texture, SDL_Renderer* renderer, VulkanImage& image,
      VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   int a, w, h;

   SDL_QueryTexture(texture, nullptr, &a, &w, &h);

   VkDeviceSize imageSize = w * h * 4;
   unsigned char* pixels = new unsigned char[imageSize];

   SDL_RenderReadPixels(renderer, nullptr, SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888, pixels, w * 4);

   VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
   VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

   createBuffer(device, physicalDevice, imageSize,
      VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
      VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT,
      stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

   void* data;

   vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, 0, &data);
   memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));

   VkMappedMemoryRange mappedMemoryRange = {};
   mappedMemoryRange.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE;
   mappedMemoryRange.memory = stagingBufferMemory;
   mappedMemoryRange.offset = 0;
   mappedMemoryRange.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

   // TODO: Should probably check that the function succeeded
   vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges(device, 1, &mappedMemoryRange);
   vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

   delete[] pixels;

   transitionImageLayout(device, commandPool, image.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, graphicsQueue);
   copyBufferToImage(device, commandPool, stagingBuffer, image.image,
      static_cast<uint32_t>(w), static_cast<uint32_t>(h), graphicsQueue);
   transitionImageLayout(device, commandPool, image.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, graphicsQueue);

   vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
   vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
}

void VulkanUtils::createDepthImage(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkCommandPool commandPool,
      VkFormat depthFormat, VkExtent2D extent, VulkanImage& image, VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   createImage(device, physicalDevice, extent.width, extent.height, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
      VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, image);
   image.imageView = createImageView(device, image.image, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);

   transitionImageLayout(device, commandPool, image.image, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, graphicsQueue);
}

void VulkanUtils::createImage(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
      VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
      VulkanImage& image) {
   VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};
   imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
   imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
   imageInfo.extent.width = width;
   imageInfo.extent.height = height;
   imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
   imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
   imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
   imageInfo.format = format;
   imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
   imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
   imageInfo.usage = usage;
   imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
   imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

   if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image.image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create image!");
   }

   VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
   vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image.image, &memRequirements);

   VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
   allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
   allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
   allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(physicalDevice, memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

   if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &image.imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
   }

   vkBindImageMemory(device, image.image, image.imageMemory, 0);
}

void VulkanUtils::transitionImageLayout(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkImage image,
      VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout, VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands(device, commandPool);

   VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
   barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
   barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
   barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
   barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
   barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
   barrier.image = image;

   if (newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;

      if (hasStencilComponent(format)) {
         barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
      }
   } else {
      barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
   }

   barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
   barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
   barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
   barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

   VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
   VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

   if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
   } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
   } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
   } else {
      throw invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
   }

   vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
      commandBuffer,
      sourceStage, destinationStage,
      0,
      0, nullptr,
      0, nullptr,
      1, &barrier
   );

   endSingleTimeCommands(device, commandPool, commandBuffer, graphicsQueue);
}

VkCommandBuffer VulkanUtils::beginSingleTimeCommands(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool) {
   VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
   allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
   allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
   allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
   allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

   VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
   vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

   VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
   beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
   beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

   vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

   return commandBuffer;
}

void VulkanUtils::endSingleTimeCommands(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool,
      VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

   VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
   submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
   submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

   vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
   vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

   vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
}

void VulkanUtils::copyBufferToImage(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkBuffer buffer,
      VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands(device, commandPool);

   VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
   region.bufferOffset = 0;
   region.bufferRowLength = 0;
   region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
   region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
   region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
   region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
   region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
   region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
   region.imageExtent = { width, height, 1 };

   vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
      commandBuffer,
      buffer,
      image,
      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
      1,
      &region
   );

   endSingleTimeCommands(device, commandPool, commandBuffer, graphicsQueue);
}

void VulkanUtils::copyBuffer(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkBuffer srcBuffer,
      VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize srcOffset, VkDeviceSize dstOffset, VkDeviceSize size,
      VkQueue graphicsQueue) {
   VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands(device, commandPool);

   VkBufferCopy copyRegion = { srcOffset, dstOffset, size };
   vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

   endSingleTimeCommands(device, commandPool, commandBuffer, graphicsQueue);
}

bool VulkanUtils::hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
   return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
}

void VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(VkDevice& device, VulkanImage& image) {
   vkDestroyImageView(device, image.imageView, nullptr);
   vkDestroyImage(device, image.image, nullptr);
   vkFreeMemory(device, image.imageMemory, nullptr);
}